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3ParisandBarcelonaareexceptionalmid-risecitiesbasedonearlyplanningcodesPARISParishasalonghistoryofrulesthatdeterminetheheightandgeneralformofurbanbuildings.In1607aroyaledictaemptedtocontainbuildingformwithinaatfacadetoeliminatemulpleoverhangs.In1783aroyalordinancestatedthattheexcessiveheightofbuildingsisprejudicialtothewholesomenessoftheairinacityaslargeandheavilypopulatedasParis.Ifthestreetwas9.75mwidetheheightwasrestrictedto17.54m.In1859theregulaonsweremodiedtoallowheightsfrom11.7mto20mdependingonstreetwidth.The1864regulaonspermiedaheightof20monstreetsof20mwidthormore.HaussmannsdramacrestructuringofParisfromthemid-1800skeptwithintheregulaonsonbuildingheightswithupperlevelsetbacks.TheacinParisbuildingsbecamethemeanstoincreasedensity.The1884regulaonsspeciedahalfcircleabovethe20mheightwithamaximumradiusof8.5m.In1902acshadtotwithina45degreeinclinedroofangle.The1902regulaonsdenedoverallspaalenvelopesorgabarit-atermsllusedtoday.Morefreedomwasgiventoarchitectswithinthegabarit.SoParishashadalonghistoryofcodesandregulaonstodenebuildingenvelopes.Clearlytheseweredevelopedbeforethelibecamepopularandbeforesteelandreinforcedconcreteallowedmuchtallerbuildings.Parisnowhasaveryhumanscaleinitshistoriccentrewithpredominantly20mhighstreetedgebuildings.BARCELONABarcelonasfamousplanforthecitywasdevelopedbyIldefonsCerdain1859anditbecameknownastheEixample.CerdasgridwaspartlyinuencedbyHaussmannsrestructuringofParis.Cerdasetouttocreatehousingblocksthatcontainedacrossseconofpeople.Heoutlinedhisurbanplanningconceptsinhis1867bookGeneralTheoryofUrbanizaonandtheApplicaonofitsPrinciplesandDoctrinestotheReformandExpansionofBarcelona.Cerdasblockswere113metressquarewiththecornerschamferedatfortyvedegreestoallowtramstoturnthecorners.Hisearlyplanslimitedheightsto18mandthiswasincreasedto20min1891.Cerdasplanledtoaveryuniedurbanformwithbuildingsaround20mhigh.LiketheParisexampletheliwasnotpopularandmodernmaterialslikesteelandreinforcedconcretewererarelyused.ParisParisBarcelonaBarcelonaParisBarcelona